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Nanoparticle Surfaces

Surface		Displaceable	Salt Stability	Stable in Water	Stable in Alcohols	Stable in Polar Organics	Stable in Non-Polar Organics	Conjugatable	Charge at pH 7
Citrate	Learn more +
Most commonly requested capping agent Easily displaceable with other molecules for binding studies or custom functionalization High degree of electrostatic stabilization
PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)	Learn more +
Associates very strongly to metal surfaces, giving excellent colloidal stability over a wide range of conditions Nanoparticles can be dispersed in a wide variety of protic and aprotic polar solvents Stable in high ionic strength solutions and at high concentrations
Tannic acid	Learn more +
Displaceable by many thiol containing molecules for binding studies or custom functionalization Stable in high ionic strength solutions and at high concentrations
Lipoic Acid	Learn more +
Dithiol forms a strong, stable bond with metal surfaces and the acid provides a highly negatively charged surface The free carboxylic acid can be used for conjugation or labeling; contact us to discuss your application
BPEI (Branched Polyethyleneimine)	Learn more +
Highly aminated, positively charged organic surface coating Large number of free amines for conjugation to targeting molecules
PEG (Polyethylene Glycol)	Learn more +
Provides excellent dispersibility in water and protic solvents and increases compatibility in biological systems Covalently bound to the nanoparticle surface to prevent desorption over time and increase colloidal stability Custom variants available with PEG of different molecular weights and free functional groups for labeling or conjugation
Silica	Learn more +
Increased particle stability in a wide range of solvents Versatile conjugation surface for attaching functional groups or creating hydrophobic or fluorophillic surfaces Nanoporous structure allows low molecular weight molecules to be loaded into the shell
Amine-Functionalized Silica	Learn more +
Positively charged silica colloids and silica-coated nanoparticles Useful for binding studies, conjugation with carboxyl-containing molecules through EDAC coupling, or binding to dyes and molecules with isothiocyanate (ITC) or amine-reactive esters
Other Functionalized Silica	Learn more +		Varies	Varies	Varies		Varies	Varies	Varies
Many custom coatings are available to provide specific functionality at the particle surface or create particles compatible with different solvents or composites Contact us to discuss your application and custom surface functionalization needs
Carbonate	Learn more +
Most easily displaced surface Ideal pH (8–9) and low salt buffer for physisorption of antibodies
Carboxyl	Learn more +
COOH groups provide functionality for covalent coupling Stable from pH 4-10 and up to 2× PBS buffer
NHS	Learn more +
Dried redispersible powder Amine reactive surface Easiest way to covalently bind an amine containing molecule such as an antibody to the surface of the gold particle
Dodecanethiol	Learn more +								N/A
Hydrophobic coating renders particles soluble in organic solvents and compatible with non-polar polymer composite materials Can be dispersed in low surface-energy solvents for coating applications requiring uniform particle deposition