| Citrate |
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- Most commonly requested capping agent
- Easily displaceable with other molecules for binding studies or custom functionalization
- High degree of electrostatic stabilization
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PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) |
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- Associates very strongly to metal surfaces, giving excellent colloidal stability over a wide range of conditions
- Nanoparticles can be dispersed in a wide variety of protic and aprotic polar solvents
- Stable in high ionic strength solutions and at high concentrations
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| Tannic acid |
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- Displaceable by many thiol containing molecules for binding studies or custom functionalization
- Stable in high ionic strength solutions and at high concentrations
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| Lipoic Acid |
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- Dithiol forms a strong, stable bond with metal surfaces and the acid provides a highly negatively charged surface
- The free carboxylic acid can be used for conjugation or labeling; contact us to discuss your application
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BPEI (Branched Polyethyleneimine) |
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- Highly aminated, positively charged organic surface coating
- Large number of free amines for conjugation to targeting molecules
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PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) |
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- Provides excellent dispersibility in water and protic solvents and increases compatibility in biological systems
- Covalently bound to the nanoparticle surface to prevent desorption over time and increase colloidal stability
- Custom variants available with PEG of different molecular weights and free functional groups for labeling or conjugation
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| Silica |
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- Increased particle stability in a wide range of solvents
- Versatile conjugation surface for attaching functional groups or creating hydrophobic or fluorophillic surfaces
- Nanoporous structure allows low molecular weight molecules to be loaded into the shell
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| Amine-Functionalized Silica |
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- Positively charged silica colloids and silica-coated nanoparticles
- Useful for binding studies, conjugation with carboxyl-containing molecules through EDAC coupling, or binding to dyes and molecules with isothiocyanate (ITC) or amine-reactive esters
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| Other Functionalized Silica |
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- Many custom coatings are available to provide specific functionality at the particle surface or create particles compatible with different solvents or composites
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Contact us to discuss your application and custom surface functionalization needs
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| Carbonate |
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- Most easily displaced surface
- Ideal pH (8–9) and low salt buffer for physisorption of antibodies
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| Carboxyl |
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- COOH groups provide functionality for covalent coupling
- Stable from pH 4-10 and up to 2× PBS buffer
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| NHS |
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- Dried redispersible powder
- Amine reactive surface
- Easiest way to covalently bind an amine containing molecule such as an antibody to the surface of the gold particle
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| Dodecanethiol |
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- Hydrophobic coating renders particles soluble in organic solvents and compatible with non-polar polymer composite materials
- Can be dispersed in low surface-energy solvents for coating applications requiring uniform particle deposition
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